Proxy server - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Communication between two computers (shown in grey) connected through a third computer (shown in red) acting as a proxy. Bob does not know to whom the information is going, which is why proxies can be used to protect privacy. In computer networks, a proxy server is a server (a computer system or an application) that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers. A client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resource available from a different server and the proxy server evaluates the request as a way to simplify and control its complexity.
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Types. A proxy server may reside on the user's local computer, or at various points between the user's computer and destination servers on the Internet. WinGate Proxy Server is a highly capable caching intercepting web proxy, reverse proxy, firewall, email server and VPN software for Windows, FREE for 3 users.
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Proxies were invented to add structure and encapsulation to distributed systems.[1] Today, most proxies are web proxies, facilitating access to content on the World Wide Web and providing anonymity. A proxy server may reside on the user's local computer, or at various points between the user's computer and destination servers on the Internet. A proxy server that passes requests and responses unmodified is usually called a gateway or sometimes a tunneling proxy. A forward proxy is an Internet- facing proxy used to retrieve from a wide range of sources (in most cases anywhere on the Internet). A reverse proxy is usually an internal- facing proxy used as a front- end to control and protect access to a server on a private network.
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A reverse proxy commonly also performs tasks such as load- balancing, authentication, decryption or caching. Open proxies[edit]. An open proxy forwarding requests from and to anywhere on the Internet. An open proxy is a forwarding proxy server that is accessible by any Internet user. Gordon Lyon estimates there are "hundreds of thousands" of open proxies on the Internet.[2] An anonymous open proxy allows users to conceal their IP address while browsing the Web or using other Internet services. There are varying degrees of anonymity however, as well as a number of methods of 'tricking' the client into revealing itself regardless of the proxy being used. Reverse proxies[edit].
A reverse proxy taking requests from the Internet and forwarding them to servers in an internal network. Those making requests connect to the proxy and may not be aware of the internal network. Main article: Reverse proxy.
A reverse proxy (or surrogate) is a proxy server that appears to clients to be an ordinary server. Requests are forwarded to one or more proxy servers which handle the request. The response from the proxy server is returned as if it came directly from the original server, leaving the client no knowledge of the origin servers.[3] Reverse proxies are installed in the neighborhood of one or more web servers. All traffic coming from the Internet and with a destination of one of the neighborhood's web servers goes through the proxy server. The use of "reverse" originates in its counterpart "forward proxy" since the reverse proxy sits closer to the web server and serves only a restricted set of websites. There are several reasons for installing reverse proxy servers: Encryption / SSL acceleration: when secure web sites are created, the SSL encryption is often not done by the web server itself, but by a reverse proxy that is equipped with SSL acceleration hardware.
See Secure Sockets Layer. Furthermore, a host can provide a single "SSL proxy" to provide SSL encryption for an arbitrary number of hosts; removing the need for a separate SSL Server Certificate for each host, with the downside that all hosts behind the SSL proxy have to share a common DNS name or IP address for SSL connections. This problem can partly be overcome by using the Subject.
Alt. Name feature of X. Load balancing: the reverse proxy can distribute the load to several web servers, each web server serving its own application area. In such a case, the reverse proxy may need to rewrite the URLs in each web page (translation from externally known URLs to the internal locations). Serve/cache static content: A reverse proxy can offload the web servers by caching static content like pictures and other static graphical content. Compression: the proxy server can optimize and compress the content to speed up the load time. Spoon feeding: reduces resource usage caused by slow clients on the web servers by caching the content the web server sent and slowly "spoon feeding" it to the client. This especially benefits dynamically generated pages.
Security: the proxy server is an additional layer of defense and can protect against some OS and Web Server specific attacks. However, it does not provide any protection from attacks against the web application or service itself, which is generally considered the larger threat. Extranet Publishing: a reverse proxy server facing the Internet can be used to communicate to a firewall server internal to an organization, providing extranet access to some functions while keeping the servers behind the firewalls. If used in this way, security measures should be considered to protect the rest of your infrastructure in case this server is compromised, as its web application is exposed to attack from the Internet. Monitoring and filtering[edit]Content- control software[edit]A content- filtering web proxy server provides administrative control over the content that may be relayed in one or both directions through the proxy.
It is commonly used in both commercial and non- commercial organizations (especially schools) to ensure that Internet usage conforms to acceptable use policy. A content filtering proxy will often support user authentication, to control web access. It also usually produces logs, either to give detailed information about the URLs accessed by specific users, or to monitor bandwidth usage statistics. It may also communicate to daemon- based and/or ICAP- based antivirus software to provide security against virus and other malware by scanning incoming content in real time before it enters the network. Many work places, schools and colleges restrict the web sites and online services that are accessible and available in their buildings.
Governments also censor undesirable content. This is done either with a specialized proxy, called a content filter (both commercial and free products are available), or by using a cache- extension protocol such as ICAP, that allows plug- in extensions to an open caching architecture. Ironically, websites commonly used by students to circumvent filters and access blocked content often include a proxy, from which the user can then access the websites that the filter is trying to block.
Requests may be filtered by several methods, such as a URL or DNS blacklists blacklist, URL regex filtering, MIME filtering, or content keyword filtering. Some products have been known to employ content analysis techniques to look for traits commonly used by certain types of content providers.[citation needed] Blacklists are often provided and maintained by web- filtering companies, often grouped into categories (pornography, gambling, shopping, social networks, etc.). Assuming the requested URL is acceptable, the content is then fetched by the proxy. At this point a dynamic filter may be applied on the return path.
For example, JPEG files could be blocked based on fleshtone matches, or language filters could dynamically detect unwanted language. If the content is rejected then an HTTP fetch error may be returned to the requester. Most web filtering companies use an internet- wide crawling robot that assesses the likelihood that a content is a certain type. The resultant database is then corrected by manual labor based on complaints or known flaws in the content- matching algorithms. Some proxies scan outbound content, e. Filtering of encrypted data[edit]Web filtering proxies are not able to peer inside secure sockets HTTP transactions, assuming the chain- of- trust of SSL/TLS has not been tampered with.
The SSL/TLS chain- of- trust relies on trusted root certificate authorities. In a workplace setting where the client is managed by the organization, trust might be granted to a root certificate whose private key is known to the proxy. Consequently, a root certificate generated by the proxy is installed into the browser CA list by IT staff.
In such situations, proxy analysis of the contents of a SSL/TLS transaction becomes possible. The proxy is effectively operating a man- in- the- middle attack, allowed by the client's trust of a root certificate the proxy owns.
Bypassing filters and censorship[edit]If the destination server filters content based on the origin of the request, the use of a proxy can circumvent this filter. For example, a server using IP- based geolocation to restrict its service to a certain country can be accessed using a proxy located in that country to access the service.
Web proxies are the most common means of bypassing government censorship, although no more than 3% of Internet users use any circumvention tools.[4]In some cases users can circumvent proxies which filter using blacklists using services designed to proxy information from a non- blacklisted location.[5]Logging and eavesdropping[edit]Proxies can be installed in order to eavesdrop upon the data- flow between client machines and the web. All content sent or accessed – including passwords submitted and cookies used – can be captured and analyzed by the proxy operator.
For this reason, passwords to online services (such as webmail and banking) should always be exchanged over a cryptographically secured connection, such as SSL. By chaining proxies which do not reveal data about the original requester, it is possible to obfuscate activities from the eyes of the user's destination. However, more traces will be left on the intermediate hops, which could be used or offered up to trace the user's activities. If the policies and administrators of these other proxies are unknown, the user may fall victim to a false sense of security just because those details are out of sight and mind.